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Nextcloud inklusive Nextcloud Office auf Ubuntu 22.04 LTS mit Apache2, MariaDB, PHP 8.1, Let’s Encrypt, Redis, Fail2ban und ufw (Apache 2 fast track)

mpachmann
#1 · 1. März 2023, 8:27

Nextcloud Installationsanleitung Apache2

Diese Nextcloud Installationsanleitung beschreibt die Installation, Konfiguration und Härtung sowie einige Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten von Nextcloud Hub II auf einem Ubuntu Server 22.04.

Die Installation basiert dabei auf den Komponenten Apache2, optional Let’s Encrypt TLS 1.3, MariaDB 10.6.x, PHP 8.1 (php-fpm), Redis, Fail2ban und ufw und erhält abschließend sowohl von Nextcloud, als auch von Qualys SSL Labs eine A+ Sicherheitsbewertung.

Im Verlauf dieser Anleitung müssen Sie nur die rot markierten Werte wie bspw. ihre.domain.de oder 192.168.2.x und /var/nc-data mit den entsprechenden Werten Ihres Systems ersetzen.

Systemvoraussetzungen

sudo -s
apt update && apt upgrade -y
apt install -y \
apt-transport-https bash-completion bzip2 ca-certificates cron curl dialog \
dirmngr ffmpeg ghostscript git gpg gnupg gnupg2 htop jq libfile-fcntllock-perl \
libfontconfig1 libfuse2 locate lsb-release net-tools rsyslog screen smbclient \
socat software-properties-common ssl-cert tree ubuntu-keyring unzip wget zip
systemctl mask sleep.target suspend.target hibernate.target hybrid-sleep.target
reboot now
sudo -s
apt update && apt upgrade -y && apt autoremove -y && apt autoclean -y

Notwendige Verzeichnisse anlegen (Annahme: /var/nc_data wird das Nextcloud-Datenverzeichnis):

mkdir -p /var/www /var/nc_data
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/nc_data /var/www

Installation der Datenbank MariaDB 10.8

wget -O- https://mariadb.org/mariadb_release_signing_key.asc \
     | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/mariadb-keyring.gpg >/dev/null
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/mariadb-keyring.gpg] \
     https://mirror.kumi.systems/mariadb/repo/10.8/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mariadb.list
apt update && apt install -y mariadb-server

Härten wir nun den Datenbankserver mittels des mitgelieferten Tools „mysql_secure_installation“. Bei einer Erstinstallation besteht kein Rootpasswort, so dass Sie die Abfrage mit ENTER bestätigen könne. Es wird empfohlen, ein Passwort direkt zu setzen, der entsprechende Dialog erscheint automatisch:

mysql_secure_installation
Enter current password for root (enter for none): <ENTER> or type the password
Switch to unix_socket authentication [Y/n] Y
Set root password? [Y/n] Y
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] Y
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] Y
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] Y
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] Y

Konfiguration der MariaDB-Datenbank

service mariadb stop && mv /etc/mysql/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf.bak && nano /etc/mysql/my.cnf

Tragen Sie alle Zeilen in die leere Datei ein:

[client]
default-character-set = utf8mb4
port = 3306
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
[mysqld_safe]
log_error=/var/log/mysql/mysql_error.log
nice = 0
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr
bind-address = 127.0.0.1
binlog_format = ROW
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 16M
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_general_ci
concurrent_insert = 2
connect_timeout = 5
datadir = /var/lib/mysql
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
expire_logs_days = 2
general_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mysql.log
general_log = 0
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2G
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 1
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 32M
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_file_per_table = 1
innodb_open_files = 400
innodb_io_capacity = 4000
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_read_only_compressed=OFF
key_buffer_size = 128M
lc_messages_dir = /usr/share/mysql
lc_messages = en_US
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-bin
log_bin_index = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-bin.index
log_error = /var/log/mysql/mysql_error.log
log_slow_verbosity = query_plan
log_warnings = 2
long_query_time = 1
max_allowed_packet = 16M
max_binlog_size = 100M
max_connections = 200
max_heap_table_size = 64M
myisam_recover_options = BACKUP
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 512M
port = 3306
pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_size = 64M
query_cache_type = 1
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
read_buffer_size = 2M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M
skip-external-locking
skip-name-resolve
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-slow.log
slow-query-log = 1
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
sort_buffer_size = 4M
table_open_cache = 400
thread_cache_size = 128
tmp_table_size = 64M
tmpdir = /tmp
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
#unix_socket=OFF
user = mysql
wait_timeout = 600
[mysqldump]
max_allowed_packet = 16M
quick
quote-names
[isamchk]
key_buffer = 16M

Neustart der MariaDB-Datenbank und Anlegen der Nextcloud Datenbank sowie des Benutzers:

service mariadb restart
mysql -uroot -p -e "CREATE DATABASE nextcloud CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci; CREATE USER nextcloud@localhost identified by 'nextcloud'; GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES on nextcloud.* to nextcloud@localhost; FLUSH privileges;"

Installation Redis und PHP 8.1

apt install -y redis-server redis-server libapache2-mod-php8.1 php-common \
php8.1-{fpm,gd,curl,xml,zip,intl,mbstring,bz2,ldap,apcu,bcmath,gmp,imagick,igbinary,mysql,redis,smbclient,cli,common,opcache,readline} \
imagemagick --allow-change-held-packages

Setzen Sie das richtige Datumsformat (exemplarisch Europa/Berlin)

timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Berlin

Bevor wir mit den Optimierungen von PHP beginnen sichern wir die Konfigurationsdateien:

cp /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf.bak
cp /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf.bak
cp /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini.bak
cp /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini.bak
cp /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf.bak
cp /etc/php/8.1/mods-available/apcu.ini /etc/php/8.1/mods-available/apcu.ini.bak
cp /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml.bak

Um PHP an ihr System anzupassen werden einige Parameter berechnet, führen Sie die nachfolgenden Zeilen einfach aus:

AvailableRAM=$(awk '/MemAvailable/ {printf "%d", $2/1024}' /proc/meminfo)
AverageFPM=$(ps --no-headers -o 'rss,cmd' -C php-fpm8.1 | awk '{ sum+=$1 } END { printf ("%d\n", sum/NR/1024,"M") }')
FPMS=$((AvailableRAM/AverageFPM))
PMaxSS=$((FPMS*2/3))
PMinSS=$((PMaxSS/2))
PStartS=$(((PMaxSS+PMinSS)/2))
sed -i "s/;env\[HOSTNAME\] = /env[HOSTNAME] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[TMP\] = /env[TMP] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[TMPDIR\] = /env[TMPDIR] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[TEMP\] = /env[TEMP] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;env\[PATH\] = /env[PATH] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.max_children =.*/pm.max_children = '$FPMS'/' /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.start_servers =.*/pm.start_servers = '$PStartS'/' /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.min_spare_servers =.*/pm.min_spare_servers = '$PMinSS'/' /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.max_spare_servers =.*/pm.max_spare_servers = '$PMaxSS'/' /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/;pm.max_requests =.*/pm.max_requests = 1000/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i "s/allow_url_fopen =.*/allow_url_fopen = 1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;cgi.fix_pathinfo.*/cgi.fix_pathinfo=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini

sed -i "s/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = 'Off'/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 3600/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sed -i "s/;cgi.fix_pathinfo.*/cgi.fix_pathinfo=1/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini

sed -i "s/memory_limit = 128M/memory_limit = 1024M/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = 'Off'/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 3600/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;session.cookie_secure.*/session.cookie_secure = True/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.enable=.*/opcache.enable=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.enable_cli=.*/opcache.enable_cli=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.memory_consumption=.*/opcache.memory_consumption=128/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.interned_strings_buffer=.*/opcache.interned_strings_buffer=16/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.max_accelerated_files=.*/opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.revalidate_freq=.*/opcache.revalidate_freq=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sed -i "s/;opcache.save_comments=.*/opcache.save_comments=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini

sed -i "s|;emergency_restart_threshold.*|emergency_restart_threshold = 10|g" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i "s|;emergency_restart_interval.*|emergency_restart_interval = 1m|g" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i "s|;process_control_timeout.*|process_control_timeout = 10|g" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf

sed -i '$aapc.enable_cli=1' /etc/php/8.1/mods-available/apcu.ini

sed -i "s/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"PS\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"PS\"/" /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml
sed -i "s/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"EPS\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"EPS\"/" /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml
sed -i "s/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"PDF\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"PDF\"/" /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml
sed -i "s/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"XPS\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"XPS\"/" /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml

Starten Sie nun die Dienste neu

systemctl restart php8.1-fpm
a2dismod php8.1 && a2dismod mpm_prefork
a2enmod proxy_fcgi setenvif mpm_event http2
systemctl restart apache2.service
a2enconf php8.1-fpm
systemctl restart apache2.service php8.1-fpm

Download Nextcloud latest

wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/latest.zip
unzip latest.zip && mv nextcloud/ /var/www/html/ && chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/nextcloud && rm -f latest.zip

Anpassungen Redis

cp /etc/redis/redis.conf /etc/redis/redis.conf.bak
sed -i "s/port 6379/port 0/" /etc/redis/redis.conf
sed -i s/\#\ unixsocket/\unixsocket/g /etc/redis/redis.conf
sed -i "s/unixsocketperm 700/unixsocketperm 770/" /etc/redis/redis.conf
sed -i "s/# maxclients 10000/maxclients 10240/" /etc/redis/redis.conf
usermod -aG redis www-data
cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.bak
sed -i '$avm.overcommit_memory = 1' /etc/sysctl.conf
reboot now

Apache2 anpassen

sudo -s
a2enmod rewrite headers env dir mime
nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/http2.conf
# mod_http2 doesn't work with mpm_prefork
<IfModule !mpm_prefork>
Protocols h2 h2c http/1.1
H2Direct on
H2StreamMaxMemSize 5120000000
[...]
systemctl restart apache2.service
cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud.conf
a2dissite 000-default.conf
nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud.conf

Passen Sie die Datei und insbesondere die roten Werte an Ihr System an

<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName ihre.domain.de
ServerAlias ihre.domain.de
ServerAdmin mail@domain.de
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/nextcloud
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} =ihre.domain.de RewriteRule ^ https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [END,NE,R=permanent] </VirtualHost>

vHost aktivieren:

a2ensite 001-nextcloud.conf && systemctl restart apache2.service

Certbot installieren und Let’s Encrypt zertifikate beantragen:

apt install -y certbot python3-certbot-apache
certbot --apache

Nextcloud vHost: übernehmen Sie alle Zeilen und passen die roten Werte an Ihr System an

mv /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud-le-ssl.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud-le-ssl.conf.bak
nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud-le-ssl.conf
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
SSLUseStapling on
SSLStaplingCache shmcb:/var/run/ocsp(128000)
<VirtualHost *:443>
SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/ihre.domain.de/fullchain.pem
SSLCACertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/ihre.domain.de/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/ihre.domain.de/privkey.pem
#######################################################################
# For self-signed-certificates only!
# SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
# SSLCACertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
# SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
#######################################################################
Protocols h2 h2c http/1.1
Header add Strict-Transport-Security: "max-age=15552000;includeSubdomains"
ServerAdmin mail@domain.de
ServerName ihre.domain.de
ServerAlias ihre.domain.de
SSLEngine on
SSLCompression off
SSLOptions +StrictRequire
SSLProtocol -all +TLSv1.3 +TLSv1.2
SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
SSLHonorCipherOrder off
SSLSessionTickets off
ServerSignature off
SSLStaplingResponderTimeout 5
SSLStaplingReturnResponderErrors off
SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves X448:secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1
SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters secp384r1
LogLevel warn
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/nextcloud
<Directory /var/www/html/nextcloud/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
Satisfy Any
</Directory>
<IfModule mod_dav.c>
Dav off
</IfModule>
<Directory /var/nc_data/>
Require all denied
</Directory>
<Files ".ht*">
Require all denied
</Files>
TraceEnable off
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} ^TRACK
RewriteRule .* - [R=405,L]
SetEnv HOME /var/www/html/nextcloud
SetEnv HTTP_HOME /var/www/html/nextcloud
<IfModule mod_reqtimeout.c>
RequestReadTimeout body=0
</IfModule>
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>

Sicherheit erweitern und aktivieren

openssl dhparam -dsaparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
cat /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem >> /etc/letsencrypt/live/ihre.domain.de/fullchain.pem

#######################################################################
Optional: Self-Signed-Zertifikate
cat /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem >> /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
#######################################################################

Bearbeiten der Apache2-Konfigurationsdatei:

nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Setzen Sie die roten Werte: ihre.domain.de , Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews und All

ServerName ihre.domain.de
[...]
<Directory /var/www/>
Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
</Directory>
systemctl restart apache2.service

Installation der Nextcloud

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ maintenance:install --database "mysql" --database-name "nextcloud" --database-user "nextcloud" --database-pass "nextcloud" --admin-user "Nextcloud-Admin" --admin-pass "Nextcloud-Admin-Passswort" --data-dir "/var/nc_data"

config.php korrigieren – fügen Sie die Zeilen hinzu:

sudo -u www-data nano /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php

[...]
),
'datadirectory' => '/var/nc_data',
'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://ihre.domain.de/',
'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/',
[...]

Nextcloud .htaccess korrigieren

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ maintenance:update:htaccess

Nextcloud-Anpassungen

mkdir -p /var/log/nextcloud/
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/log/nextcloud
sudo -u www-data cp /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php.bak
sudo -u www-data sed -i 's/^[ ]*//' /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php
sudo -u www-data sed -i '/);/d' /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php
sudo -u www-data cat <<EOF >>/var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php
'activity_expire_days' => 14,
'allow_local_remote_servers' => true,
'auth.bruteforce.protection.enabled' => true,
'blacklisted_files' => 
array (
0 => '.htaccess',
1 => 'Thumbs.db',
2 => 'thumbs.db',
),
'cron_log' => true,
'default_phone_region' => 'DE',
'defaultapp' => 'files,dashboard',
'enable_previews' => true,
'enabledPreviewProviders' => 
array (
0 => 'OC\Preview\PNG',
1 => 'OC\Preview\JPEG',
2 => 'OC\Preview\GIF',
3 => 'OC\Preview\BMP',
4 => 'OC\Preview\XBitmap',
5 => 'OC\Preview\Movie',
6 => 'OC\Preview\PDF',
7 => 'OC\Preview\MP3',
8 => 'OC\Preview\TXT',
9 => 'OC\Preview\MarkDown',
),
'filesystem_check_changes' => 0,
'filelocking.enabled' => 'true',
'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/',
'integrity.check.disabled' => false,
'knowledgebaseenabled' => false,
'logfile' => '/var/log/nextcloud/nextcloud.log',
'loglevel' => 2,
'logtimezone' => 'Europe/Berlin',
'log_rotate_size' => '104857600',
'maintenance' => false,
'maintenance_window_start' => 1,
'memcache.local' => '\OC\Memcache\APCu',
'memcache.locking' => '\OC\Memcache\Redis',
'overwriteprotocol' => 'https',
'preview_max_x' => 1024,
'preview_max_y' => 768,
'preview_max_scale_factor' => 1,
'profile.enabled' => false,
'redis' => 
array (
'host' => '/var/run/redis/redis-server.sock',
'port' => 0,
'timeout' => 0.5,
'dbindex' => 1,
),
'quota_include_external_storage' => false,
'share_folder' => '/Freigaben',
'skeletondirectory' => '',
'theme' => '',
'trashbin_retention_obligation' => 'auto, 7',
'updater.release.channel' => 'stable',
);
EOF
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set remember_login_cookie_lifetime --value="1800"
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set simpleSignUpLink.shown --type=bool --value=false
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set versions_retention_obligation --value="auto, 365"
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set loglevel --value=2
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ config:system:set trusted_domains 1 --value=ihre.domain.de
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ config:app:set settings profile_enabled_by_default --value="0"

Optional Nextcloud Office (bitte haben Sie Geduld – Download von ca. ~ 400MB):

sudo -u www-data /usr/bin/php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ app:install richdocuments
sudo -u www-data /usr/bin/php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ app:install richdocumentscode
a2enmod ssl && a2ensite 001-nextcloud.conf 001-nextcloud-le-ssl.conf
systemctl restart php8.1-fpm.service redis-server.service apache2.service

Cronjob

crontab -u www-data -e

Fügen Sie am Ende diese Zeile hinzu

*/5 * * * * php -f /var/www/html/nextcloud/cron.php > /dev/null 2>&1

Aktivieren Sie den Cronjob innerhalb der Nextcloud

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ background:cron

Weitere Härtungen

a2dismod status
nano /etc/apache2/conf-available/security.conf
[...]
ServerTokens Prod
[...]
ServerSignature Off
[...]
TraceEnable Off
[...]
systemctl restart php8.1-fpm.service redis-server.service apache2.service

Installieren Sie fail2ban

apt install -y fail2ban ufw
touch /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/nextcloud.conf
cat <<EOF >/etc/fail2ban/filter.d/nextcloud.conf
[Definition]
_groupsre = (?:(?:,?\s*"\w+":(?:"[^"]+"|\w+))*)
failregex = ^\{%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"remoteAddr":"<HOST>"%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"message":"Login failed:
            ^\{%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"remoteAddr":"<HOST>"%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"message":"Trusted domain error.
datepattern = ,?\s*"time"\s*:\s*"%%Y-%%m-%%d[T ]%%H:%%M:%%S(%%z)?"
EOF

Legen Sie nun eine neue Jail-Datei an

nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/nextcloud.local

Kopieren Sie alle nachfolgenden Zeilen hinein:

[nextcloud]
backend = auto
enabled = true
port = 80,443
protocol = tcp
filter = nextcloud
maxretry = 5
bantime = 3600
findtime = 36000
logpath = /var/log/nextcloud/nextcloud.log
service fail2ban restart

Aktivieren Sie die Firewall und passen Sie den SSH-Port 22 ggf. an

ufw allow 80/tcp comment "LetsEncrypt" && ufw allow 443/tcp comment "TLS" && ufw allow 22/tcp comment "SSH"
ufw logging medium
ufw enable
service ufw restart
x